How far were economic factors to blame for the Pilgrimage of Grace? Ess

Sparked in Lincolnshire in October 1536 and expanding rapidly through Yorkshire and the far north, the Pilgrimage of Grace was a popular travel that presented a major armed challenge to the Henrician Reformation . Historians have argued endlessly about the true causes of the Pilgrimage. But, it is lovely to say that the rising incorporated a intermixture of political, religious, social and economic issues. Therefore, economic factors were only partly to blame for the Pilgrimage of Grace. Firstly, politics was partly to blame for the Pilgrimage of Grace. By early 1527 King total heat VIII sought a divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Though, it is hard to pinpoint exactly why, the most plausible explanation is his belief that his marriage was barren because of its illegality . This is because Henry argued that it was gamey of him to marry his brothers widow. Understandably, any hopes of the divorce being granted were dashed because Henry was a Roman Catholic and the head of this church was the pontiff based in Rome. More importantly, the Roman Catholic faith believed marriage was permanent therefore, only widowers could remarry. Accordingly, a change in strategy intended to transgress the English church from the larger Catholic Church in order to get the divorce without any right of appeal to the Pope. In effect, the foundations began with the Pardon of the Clergy in January 1531, carried on with the Submission of the Clergy in May 1532, and accomplished with the declaration of the royal supremacy in 1534. However, by far the most important was the Act in Restraint of Appeals ratified in April 1533, which allowed the divorce to be granted by the Archbishop of Cranmer. As a result, anger ar... ...tting the downfall of the Cromwellian regime. As a result, it is fair to say that once the rebellion began, Robert Aske and Lord Darcy, for their own reasons self-advancement, principle, fear-dabbled in treason . But, Eltons argument is useful in the sense tha t it gives a helpful compute on popular attitudes during this period. Works CitedC. S. L. Davies, normal Religion and the Pilgrimage of Grace in Order and Disorder in Early Modern England, eds. Anthony Fletcher and John StevensonEthan H. Shagan, universal Politics and the English ReformationMichael Bush, Up for the Commonwealth the significance of tax grievances in the English rebellions of 1536, English Historical ReviewBarrett L. Beer, Rebellion and Riot Popular Disorder in England during the reign of Edward VIR. W. Hoyle, The Pilgrimage of Grace and the Politics of the 1530s

Gender Issues of Mesopotamia Essay -- Gilgamesh Gender Female Rights E

Gender Issues of MesopotamiaThroughout the history of our society, women have gained a certain respect and certain rights over time. Such truthful aspects of life such as getting a job, voting, and even choosing who they would like to marry are things that women have fought for, for many years. At one point, these were all things that women in America and parts of Europe had no right to. Men as a whole had suppressed women and taken control of the society. Despite mass oppressiveness in history, women have risen in society and now posses these natural rights.Back in the days of Mesopotamia, things were quite different. Women were respected for who they were and did not have to get by to gain the rights they had. Hammurabis polity contained laws, which respected the rights of women. Society in general was formed around this sort of sexual equality. Many of the codes within Hammurabis Code favor the men of the society, though many of them spell out certain rights for the lives of t he women. Certain laws lie within Hammurabis code in order to settle problems of the society. It spells out the punishment for certain acts eliminating any further complications. Code 136 for example, explains what is to happen to a women whos husband lay outs off If any one leave his house, run away, and then his wife go to another house, if then he return, and wishes to take his wife back because he fled from his home and ran away, the wife of this runaway shall not retur...

Abortion :: essays research papers

Abortion gives the mother an option not to have a baby if she doesnt chooses not to haveone. In some cases, abortions can cede the life of the mother. pitiable families greatly benefit fromabortions. For those still in school, abortions give teenagers a normal life, and would help themsucceed in school. These atomic number 18 reasons why abortions are good for the American Society. Abortions can save the life of the woman because a baby could cause a great health riskto the mother. This risk involves death, or permanent damage to the female. An abortion shouldbe performed at this point because the death of a fetus is better than the death of the mother. Awoman is a wide-eyed person, while the fetus is not. Once the fetus has been removed, and theres nomore risk to the mother. Then, she can try an have another baby if she wishes.Poor women are more likely to have more abortions than that of the middle, or upperclass. Poor women dont have the financial means to take dish kayoed of the child, therefore abortionswould help them. Also, a lot of the poor women already have children to take of, and addingone more would greatly burden the already financially roiled parent. Again, allowing them tohave an abortion would help them. Once the fetus has been aborted, then the parents canconcentrate on their other children.Teenagers are more affected by having a baby these days than it would have been 100years ago. There are more responsibilities for the average teenager, they have to study, work,and go to school for an entire day. This leaves almost no time to take care of a child. Also, theteenager would have to most likely support the child by herself. This alone is a greater responsibleness than anything in her life. All her time would be put into taking care of the child,that she would have almost no time to study. The consequence of this is the teen dropping out ofschool, and not even getting a high school diploma or finishing her year in college. Without ahigh school diploma, the likeliness of the teen finding a job that offers other than minimal wageis slim. This could mean that she is almost living in poverty, and barely making it on her own. permits now consider that the father of the child is helping with the duties that come along with ababy. He would most likely be working minimum wage just trying to make ends meet.

Cinematic Techniques in Nabokovs Laughter in the Dark Essay -- Movie

Cinematic Techniques in Nabokovs Laughter in the Dark Vladimir Nabokovs Laughter in the Dark takes the movies for its style as well as its subject matter. In recounting the farcical tragedy of director Albinus and starlet Margot, Nabokov imports a wide variety of techniques and imagery from the cinema into the novel. But Nabokovs cinematic style is not analagous to that of a screenplay the dressed-up prose is always tinged with the novelists trademark irony. Gavriel Moses notes that Nabokovs most consistent reaction to popular films in their public context is his awareness that the film image... is overwhelming in its insistent consider to presence and, as a consequence, to truth. But in formula films perceived uncritically or absorbed inertly, film tends to displace... what is really important in invigoration and to impose its own schematic simplifications upon lifes teaming and idiosyncratic details. (62) Virtually all the characters in Laughter in the Dark take the ir understandings of life from the film industry. Their ideas and impressions, therefore, tend to be rather banal, predictable, and superficial. Nabokovs people never surprise the reader, never think unusual thoughts, never reveal unexpected depths. In contrast to the complex psyches found in Tolstoy and Chekhov, for instance, Albinus, Rex, and Margot are cartoons, with speech balloons floating above their heads. Indeed, even their thought processes resemble the interior monologues of characters in Hollywood films. So, for example, when Nabokov transcribes Albinuss silent thoughts, he employs a standard voice-over usher Albinus, his queer emotions riding him, thought What the devil do I care for this fellow... ...chcock Fifty Years of His Motion Pictures. New York An Anchor Book, Doubleday, 1992. Originally published by Hopkinson and Blake in 1976. Works Consulted Nabokov, Vladimir. Lolita. New York Vintage Books, A Division of Random House, Inc., 1999. First publis hed 1955. Raguet-Bouvart, Christine. Camera Obscura and Laughter in the Dark, or, The Confusion of Texts. Translated from the French by Jeff Edmunds. Seifrid, Thomas. Nabokovs Poetics of Vision, or, What Anna Karenina is Doing in Kameraobskura. Copyright 1996 Board of Trustees of Davidson College. Originally published in Nabokovs Studies 3 (1996). http//www.libraries.psu.edu/iasweb/nabokov/seifrid1.htm Simon, John. Vladimir Nabokov The Russian Years. From The New Criterion Vol.9, No.6, February 1991. http//www.newcriterion.com/archive/09/feb91/nabokov.htm

Essay --

Introduction The microgrid system comprising of small-scale distributed generation system and loads can be promptly incorporated by means of the renewable energy sources 1-2. Numerous researches have been conducted on the microgrid notion 3-5. The performance of microgrid system is complex and irregular while some microsources are associated. In order to get wind the behavior of a microgrid with several microsources, key issues such as microgrid control, stability and protection have to be considered in detail.Background The increasing require of electricity, refrain exhaustion of fossil fuels, diminution of CO2 emissions, in conjunction with the incapability and ineffectiveness of present electricity grid are motivating chief changes in electricity production, circulation and consumption guides around the globe. In recent times, smart electricity grid configurations comprised with interlinked small or medium dimension generators, energy storage elements as well as power electronic technologies have been germinated to find the key limitations of the conventional grid structure. Microgrids are major ingredients of these promising grid configurations. Even though microgrids are received as feasible solutions to power stability and quality topics in ac power systems, the ambiguity in the capacity of microgrids are to have it off with serious changeable load and fault situation is the most important pertain in the break down of these novel grid configurations.In the previous decennium, vast attentions were elevated on the subject of distributed generation units, for instance solar photovoltaic panels, wind turbine generators, fuel cells, and so on. These Distributed Generations ... ...bjectives The focus of this research proposal is to develop of a microgrid management system for reliable operation which will be incorporated with modeling, controlling, and power management of microgrid applications. Towar d this proposal a theoretical investigation of the basic function of a feeble grid will be presented. A novel grid management strategy under changeable loads will be proposed for power management. Simulation work and experimental test will also carry out to demonstrate and validate the proposed control system for the operational gain of the DG networks. The main objectives of this research project can be described asDevelopment of novel control techniques, flexible and advanced, for system control return in a feeble power system.Improvement of power conversion efficiency. To examine how a feeble power system can be built up

Essay --

Introduction The micro control storage-battery grid system comprising of small-scale distributed generation system and load can be promptly incorporated by means of the renewable energy sources 1-2. Numerous researches have been conducted on the microgrid notion 3-5. The performance of microgrid system is building complex and irregular while some microsources are associated. In order to understand the behavior of a microgrid with several microsources, key issues such as microgrid control, stability and vindication have to be considered in detail.Background The increasing require of electricity, fast exhaustion of fossil fuels, diminution of CO2 emissions, in conjunction with the incapability and ineffectualness of present electricity grid are motivating chief changes in electricity production, circulation and consumption guides around the globe. In recent times, smart electricity grid configurations comprised with interlinked small or medium dimension generators, energy s torage elements as well as situation electronic technologies have been germinated to find the key limitations of the constituted grid structure. Microgrids are major ingredients of these promising grid configurations. Even though microgrids are received as feasible solutions to power stability and quality topics in ac power systems, the ambiguity in the capacity of microgrids are to deal with serious changeable load and fault situation is the most important disturb in the function of these novel grid configurations.In the previous decennium, enormous attentions were elevated on the subject of distributed generation units, for instance solar photovoltaic panels, plait turbine generators, fuel cells, and so on. These Distributed Generations ... ...bjectives The focus of this research proposal is to develop of a microgrid management system for reliable operation which will be incorporated with modeling, controlling, and power manageme nt of microgrid applications. Toward this proposal a theoretical investigation of the basic function of a feeble grid will be presented. A novel grid management strategy under changeable loads will be proposed for power management. Simulation work and experimental test will also pay out to demonstrate and validate the proposed control system for the operational improvement of the DG networks. The main objectives of this research project can be described asDevelopment of novel control techniques, flexible and advanced, for system control improvement in a feeble power system.Improvement of power conversion efficiency. To examine how a feeble power system can be built up

Elie Wiesel’s “Night” and Roberto Benigni’s “ Life is Beautiful” Analysis

In both Elie Wiesels Night and Roberto Benignis Life is Beautiful the element of vista played a major role in the outcome of each character. It electric shocks the paths of eachfamily in negative and positive ways. Throughout each familys time in the concentrationcamps they are so heavily influenced by greed, anger and corruption that without the role ofchance, hope and love surviving would have been impossible. With displays of inadvertentlyrunning from the enemy to randomly being selected by the enemy, chance changes theirlives forever.In the beginning of Life Is Beautiful Guidos son Giosue refuses to take a bath for hismother. This later(prenominal) turns out to be a positive impact of chance on this little boy. In theconcentration camp Giosue is asked to strip and take a lavish which would have actuallybeen a gas shower intending to kill him.Instead he runs off and hides and does not get intothat shower. Similarly in the book Night, Eliezers father is selected to be killed b ecauseof his emaciated and malnourished body in the Buna labour camp. Luckily there was asecond selection among the condemned which allowed him to go back to the barracks.Both of these examples portray a positive outcome of chance that lead to their success inthe camps.When The Germans received news of the Russians advancing into the Buna camp theystarted killing everyone. At this point in the book Eliezer is in the infirmary due to a footinjury. When the Russians got even closer the entire camp was evacuated and most were slaughtered.In fear of being killed Eliezer and his father joined the evacuation even though ELiezer was still hurt. Little did they know that if they had stayed in the infirmary they would have been rescued by the russians days later. This negative impact of chance prevented Eliezers father from surviving the holocaust.

Cultural Schock

Sabrina Monforte Essay 2 Critical analysis To what extend are you convinced by Tanges (2005) bunk regarding cultural edition? Regarding the result of cultural adaptation there are many theories. This essay, es directially, will analyse in depth the stamp of a Professor in the Department of Language and Business communication Hanne Tange , whos major is in spite of appearance the field of Intercultural communication, in opposite cultural and shock adaptation proposed by Sverre Lysgaard in 1995. At first, Tange illustrates in her article In a cultural No Mans Land or, how long does ulture shock goal? the meaning of sojourn, a key word in her study, to understand that it represents a short stay in another country, usually amongst a suspender of months and a few years, to conduct an external project or a general work in order to expanded the companys affect over the world, in order to gain a greater successful income for it. However, cultural shock has not been analysed fro m both sides, Tanges and Lysgaard, because of the fact that Tanges has been withal inbred by taking in consideration this theme. So that, I fag not be extended to one of those theories.Anyway, lets interject the argument by saying that cultural adaptation is relevant to employees to gain the maximum result from their tasks. During their stay, in the host country, so that they can acquire internationalist competence to benefit their enterprises. According to Tange, to gain the best from a sojourn it is important that also the company should be involved in all the appendage of adaptation, by following the sojourn, and not to leave the employee on his own. So that the gain of high international qualified skills, can be elaborated as resources for international business.But Tangle introduces the definition of another author by saying that, the process of acculturation rarely moves beyond the level of onstage culture (Varner and Beamer 2005 3), which starts during the process of i nter-group communication at the beginning in their own country and it ends there. However, to support the conception of cultural adaptation beyond their own national borders, there are two quite distinct approaches Lysgasrds and Tanges influence. According to Lysgards model which is related to the 50s, cultural adaptation follows a U shape curve. Indeed, at the beginning of the stage, adjustment is felt o be easy than follows a crisis in which one feels less well adjusted, somewhat lonely and unhappy lastly one begins to feel better adjusted again, becoming more integrated into the foreign community ( Lysgaard cited in Tange, 2005). To arrive at this explanation, one survey has been conducted by analysing Norwegians visitingThe United States of America. On the other hand, against the previous theory, we have Tange who states that cross cultural adaptation is divided in three steps arrival, two years crisis, intercultural stage. In this case, the finding into the research of inter cultural business communication benefit rom a qualitative method development in the anthropology and ethnology ( Tangle, 2005). Furthermore, to make this survey more reliable, she has taken seven people which they had to move from Scotland to Denmark, aged between 25 and 44 years old, and she has assessed the interviewees through an informal dialogue. Due to this reason it is hardly to think that her methodology can be thought reliable, because of the lowest number of interviewees. It is reasonable to distinguish between the concept of sojourners and immigrants (Tangle, 2005).Tangle refers to Stella Ting-Toomey to explain that the main differences are more ased on a intercultural encounter rather then the natural experience of itself. This is due to the reason of a different point of view. Immigrants are more likely to be evince and this lead to an expectation of a invariable residence, which can be obtained by the Government only by following some standard roules, for instance , having a permanent job, staying in the same country for a couple of years without leaving it, receiving a good income. On the other hand, sojourners are also stressed however, they do not need to stay for all their life in the host country, ut the duration of the residence it is subject to the contract with their own company. Anyway they can feel anxious in the entropy stage, according to Tangles method, as a reaction of being far away from their country, and this is equivalent to homesickness, and more in detail means missing family, friends, their own culture -. In addition to that consequence, they experience also mild identity dislocation, disorientation and loneliness ( Ting-Toomey 1999 248). Although this is the second stage, the first one and the last one are quite similar to each other from the aspect of feelings.The interviewees showed an exited and relaxed attitude. It seems that the arrival stage consists of cultural assimilation, which refers to new exiting mixer ne tworks, thus they feel emotionally charged up and curious about the new culture. While the third stage is blurred for the interviewees, because under this stage everything is draped at the subconscious level and are unlikely to show in a quantitative survey. But we can state that as they gain an inside perspective on their new culture, the frustration might be tail-off but for someone is totally erased.For example, upon their return to the home country, they might find deviation between their own natural behaviour and their behavioural patterns, and it is unlikely to settle into their old way. In outlining the result from the survey, we can highlight the fact that most of the employees have been sent home, when they had the right feeling to use their intercultural skills to benefit their enterprise. According to Tanges, it is mainly advisable to extend sojourns over three years to strengthen the companys position in a particular market abroad.At the opposite side, Tange suggests th at Lysgaaeds model of the culture shock is not clear and fails to account for cultural overlapping. Whereas she sustains Tangle model is based on a simplified version of reality (Tangle, 2005). However that may be, dare I say that even if Tangle is approaching to the topic using a qualitative method, which is useful to measure something compared to real-life situation, the weakness aspect is that the interviewees analysed are concentrated. Thereof, we can add that the way putting the article is too subjective and she did not nalyse in depth Lysgaard model. In conclusion, notwithstanding what Tangle thinks about Lysgaard strategy, it could be also valuable if analysed.By evaluating the article, the strength is the duration of the survey taken from the employees settled down in the host country, and moreover it is written in an understandable way for a general audience, even if it might be written for liberal companies with subsidiaries branches. Tangle gained her aim by combining t heories of sojourner adaptation with qualitative results but without countering her arguments. In fact, it is reasonable to imagine hat the article and the survey are clashing. fetching over that, I would suggest, HR of big companies have to invest in personnel development for a cultural overview, to prepare them and push trough the stationing overseas in a reasonable way. Thereof, it is relevant that during the training and the sojourn, all the employees are accompanied by their partners, who can help them settle into their new place and to let them facing what they are going to expect. An also, HR have to send employees in another country within their same cultural region, so that they are likely to feel more relaxed.Tangle survey could be hold in a different way by taking also other resources. 1200 words References Lysgaard S. , 1995. tolerance in a foreign society Norwegian Fulbright Grantees Visiting The United States in International Social Science Bulletin 7 45-51. Tange H. , 2005, In a cultural No Mans Land or, how long does culture shock last? , Journal of Intercultural conference, issue 10. Ting-Tomey S. , 1999. Communication Across Cultures. New York The Guliford Press. Varner, I. and L. Beamer, 2005. Intercultural Communication in the Global Workplace. 3rd ed. Boston McGraw-Hill.

Drunk Driving Essay

Dont you want to devote sure your life is as safe as possible without the convicted reckless brainish criminals on the road? People convicted of drunk driving should be imprisoned on the showtime offensive activity to ensure this safety of others. These masses are a danger to our society, and drunk drivers need to be stopped. Imprisoning the intoxicated driver on the scratch line annoyance would disappoint the deaths and injuries of the innocent people who happened to be at the wrong place at the wrong time. Drunk Driving is called DWI or DUI, Driving While Intoxicated or Driving at a lower place the Influence. The crime of drunk driving is usually a misdemeanor, but depending on the number of prior drunk driving convictions person may have, it can as well as be a felony. Drinking and then driving have resulted in thousands of road accidents, injuries and deaths. A mandatory jail curse for convicted offenders would cause people to seriously consider the bottom line of imbibing and driving. Taking a serious civil approach to the offense would cause friends and family to spiriting suping and driving as completely offensive. It would add a risk of job loss, public humiliation and jail time to the risks of injury, and death. It is well known that drinking affects an individuals way of thinking and doing things.When drunk, it is al intimately impossible to conduct duties in a normal way compared to when one is not drunk. Evidence shows that a number of road accidents are caused by careless drivers who drive when drunk. Although the cause of the accident may not be the fault of the drunk driver, the situation worsens because the drunk driver does not man board to control the motion of the vehicle (Walters, 2009). To ensure that the society lives in an environment that is healthy towards accidents, drunk drivers should go to prison when ground guilty (Rebik, 2010). People who drive intoxicated most(prenominal) likely have done it before and pass o n do it again. Out of the 900,000 people arrested each year that are convicted of a DUI, one third of them were repeated offenders (Fell, 2004). An average of people who drink and drive have done it eighty times before their first arrest, and some even more (Morbidity and Mortality). Since one arrest occurs in every 772 drunk driving incidents, some(prenominal) think they are nevertheless lucky because they havent gotten caught yet (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2002).Even though drunk drivers might not get caught by the law, theyll most likely suffer injury or death by making the rubber decision of drinkingand driving because one in three people go away be in a crash caused by a drunk driver in their lifetime (NTSA, 2001). If they were imprisoned on their first offense, in that location would be no recurring offenders around to make the same mistake over and over again. It would deter many from drunk driving and discourage many from committing this crime. Im prisoning them would also remove them from the streets so they are doing the same thing and hurting others. Drunk drivers are most likely to commit the crime again, so they merit to be imprisoned on their first offense to ensure the protection and save lives of others, especially childrens. Most kids dont have the choice to not ride with the driver because it is usually an adult or parent driving. Thats unfair to put the kids lives in danger. Many children are modify by people drinking and driving. Seventeen percent of traffic deaths with children involved an alcohol impaired driver and 61% of those children were riding with them (Macgregor & Collins, 2011). Nobody should have to go through the pain of losing a child, especially under the circumstances of a drunk driving accident.The convicted drunk drivers being put away would relieve parents so they wouldnt have to worry as much close to drunk drivers adding a risk to their kids lives. The death and injury rate would also decre ase dramatically and save lives of many innocent children who have been put in that terrible situation. Drunk driving is a direct result of bad decisions and not an accident. It is completely preventable. If the punishment was harsher than just having a license suspension and treatment classes, more people would think more about what they are actually doing. Drunk drivers being imprisoned would have to live with the humiliation and disappointment for being in jail because of making a careless mistake. People would feel worse and think twice because driving drunk makes them a criminal. They would then realize there would be more at stake since drunk driving is a crime and is the most frequently committed offense in America (The High Cost, 2012). Drunk drivers being imprisoned on their first offense would reduce the amount of injury, death, and damage to others. If people were imprisoned on their first drunk driving offense, it would make people more hesitant about making that carele ss decision.Evidence suggests that most road accidents are caused by drunk drivers who lose control when driving. Drivers who cause accidents regret on the actions and plead that they will not repeat their actions. In the first place, drivers know thatdriving while drunk is offense and may cause an accident. This is a clear indication that they volitionally break the law already knowing the consequence they may get. (Richardson & Thompson, 2008). To ensure that the society lives in an environment that is healthy towards accidents, drunk drivers should go to prison when name guilty, (Rebik, 2010). It might look injustice to imprison a driver when caught in the first time, but the reality is that imprisonment helps drivers reform. This reduces the occurrence of accidents that kill innocent people.thither should be no mercy when charging criminals simply because they commit their offense in an ignorance manner (Richardson & Thompson, 2008). Protecting law is an strategic thing that most people rebuff but find themselves in a fixed when law is against them. Unless drivers are imprisoned for the offense they commit, cases of accidents caused by drunk drivers wont reduce. It is clear that they will increase causing more deaths and destruction of properties (Walters, 2009). Driving when drunk is dangerous to human life as well as the environment at large. Drivers who may drive drunk, entreat that they have the right to drink and or consume alcohol. Although each and every person has the freedom to do what he wants, it should also be considered that the actions should not violate rights of other people or be harmful to anyone and anything around you. No one is prohibited drinking provided he, or she has turned the age of 21.Law prohibits driving when drunk because it may cause an accident killing people who are innocent. To avoid situations like this, it is advisable to imprison drivers who drive under the influence. Some may argue that they have control of their drinking habits, but to some point alcohol affects the response of the human body. It affects the control ability that is important when driving thus drunk drivers may lose their control and cause accidents (Durkin et al., (2008). It is argued that humans are to error and that they are subjected to mistakes. If the argument is based on that, drivers argue that imprisonment should not be done when the offense is made on the first situation. They say that forgiveness should work and warning given to those who commit offense in their first situation. Supporters of drinking and driving argue that they know their drinking habits and have drinking limits. This is not a justification as to why drivers should drink and drive. It should be remembered that when a driver starts driving, he should take care of the lives he carries by ways ofdriving in a careful manner (Richardson & Thompson, 2008). only people have equal opportunity when it comes to life and drunk drivers should not ruin that for anyone. Drunk driving is completely preventable if you imprison first offenders to hear other peoples attention. Imprisonment is the best form of prevention and rehabilitation for any sort of act involving drinking and driving itd make people realize their mistakes. Imprisoning people on the first offense for drunk driving would ensure the safety of others and to save the lives of many people because in most cases, drunk drivers are predicted to drive drunk again.CitationsDrunk Driving Statistics. (2008). Retrieved from, http//www.alcoholalert.com/drunk-driving-statistics.html, on October 30, 2012 Durkin, Keith F. Wolfe, Scott E. May, Ross W. (2008). Social Bond Theory and Drunk Driving in a savor of College Students. College Student Journal, Vol. 41, No. 3.Lankford, Ronnie. Eliminating Drunk Driving Creates Repressive Laws. Opposing Viewpoints Research Center. (2007)Gale. Gateway Community College Lib. Retrieved from, http//findgalegroup.com/ovrc, on October 30, 2012 Rebik, D . (2010). Drunk Drivers Who Kill Could Face Longer throw out Sentences. Retrieved from, http//www.chicagotribune.com/news/kcpq-092810-duilaws,0,5507117.story, on October 30, 2012 Richardson, K., Thompson, K. M. (2008). Drinking and Driving. Journal of College Student Development Volume 49, Number 5, pp. 497-508 10. Doi353/csd.0.0034 Traffic safety facts. In (2009). (p. 6). DC US department of Transpotation. Retrieved from, http//www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pubs/811385.pdf, on October 30, 2012 Walters, S. (2009). First drunken driving offense shouldnt be crime, says Van Hollen. (p. 1). Wisconsin Journal Sentinel Inc. Retrieved from, http//www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/37748539.html, on October 30, 2012

CSR of Petron Essay

Petron Corporation (Petron) is a Philippines-based company. The Company is the refiner and marketer of petroleum products in the Philippines. As of December 31, 2010, Petron had seven subsidiaries New Ventures Realty Corporation engaged in acquiring and developing landPetrogen policy Corporation engaged in serving the insurance requirements of Petron and its allied business partners, such as contractors, suppliers and dealers Overseas Insurance Corporation engaged in expediting the reinsurance of Petrons insurable interests as cover by Petrogen Insurance CorporationPetron Foundation, Inc. engaged in functioning and operating as a charitable and research foundation Petron Freeport Corporation engaged in selling fuels, including gasoline, kerosene, diesel, lubricants and greases, as well as operate retail outlets, restaurants, and convenience stores Petron Marketing Corporation is engaged in the fuel business, and Petron Singapore Trading Pte. Ltd. schematic in 2010.Petron Corporation s over 75 historic period of existence in the Philippines is a further testament to its commitment to providing quality products and services. Petrons colourful history dates back to phratry 7, 1933 whent he Socony Vacuum Oil Company of New York and the banal Oil Company of New Jersey formed the Standard Vacuum Oil Company (Stanvac).The end of the venture in the early 60s split the marketing and refining interests of the company between Esso and Mobil.In 1973, Esso sold its business to the political relation which became the Philippine National Oil Company orPNOC. Subsequently, Mobil also sold its handle of the refinery to PNOC.The oil refining and marketing units in PNOC were eventually merged to form Petrophil, which was later on renamed as Petron. As part of the governments privatization program, PNOC sought a strategic partner that would give Petron a reliable supply of oil, plus addition to state-of-the-art refining technology.The result was a partnership with the world s largest oil producer, Saudi Aramco. On February 3, 1994, PNOC and Aramco Overseas Company BV signed a share purchase agreement thatgave both a 40% stake in Petron. The remaining 20% of Petron shares were sold to the public .In May 2008, the Ashmore sort out acquired Aramcos 40% stake in Petron. Following a mandatory tender offer, an additional 10.57% was acquired by the London-based fund. The PNOC likewise sold its share to another Ashmore subsidiary. Such divestment resulted in the Ashmore Group holding approximately 90.57 percent of the outstanding shares of the company.Mission-Vision and ValuesTo be the leading provider of total customer solutions in the energy sector and itsderivative businesses. We will carry through thisby Being an integral part of our customerslives, delivering consistent customerexperience through innovative productsandservices Developing strategic partnership inpursuit of growth and opportunity Leveraging our refining assets to achievecompetitive advant age foster an entrepreneurial culture thatencourages teamwork, innovation andexcellence Caring for community and theenvironmentConducting ourselves withprofessionalism, integrity and fairness Promoting the best interest of all ourstakeholders.Leaders Behind The SuccessRAMON S. ANG- Filipino, 56 years old, is the death chair/Chief Executive police officer and Executive managing director of Petron since January 8, 2009. He is also the Chairman of the Board Executive Committee and Compensation Committee. He is shortly the Vice Chairman of San Miguel Corporation (SMC) and President & Chief Operating Officer of SMC, Chairman of Liberty Telecom Holdings Inc. and Vice Chairman and Director of Manila galvanising Company.He also holds executive and directorship positions in various SMC subsidiaries. ERIC O. RECTO- Filipino, 46 years old, is the President/Executive Director of the company since October 7, 2008.He became a director of Petron on July 31, 2008. He is a member of the Board E xecutive Committee and the Nomination and Compensation Committees. He is currently the Chief Executive Officer of Eastern Telecommunications Philippines, Inc. (ETPI) and Vice Chairman& President of ISM Communications Corporation, ETPIs parent company.He is also Vice Chairman of Philweb Corporation and Alphaland Corporation. He was previously Undersecretary of the Department of Finance, in tuition of both the International Finance Group and the Privatization Office. BERNARDINO R. ABES-Filipino, 79 years old, has been a non-executive Director of the company since July 2001. He is currently the Chairman of the Government Service Insurance System, following a three-year term as Chairman of the Social Security Commission.EDUARDO M. COJUANGCO, JR.- Filipino, 74, is a non- executive Director of Petron since January 8, 2009.He is also the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of San Miguel Corporation. He is also the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Ginebra San Miguel Inc. Chairman o f ECJ & Sons Agricultural EnterprisesInc., Eduardo Cojuangco Jr. Foundation Inc., and San Miguel Purefoods Company Inc.. RON W. HADDOCK- American, 69 years old, is a non-executive Director since December 2, 2008. He is amember of the Audit Committee and an alternate member of the Executive Committee. He sits as theChairman of the Board of Ashmore Energy International which he has occupied since September 2006.

Intuition and Decision-Making Essay

This pecker basically talks about intuition and attractorshiphip and takes into broadsheet the original decision qualification that the leaders take into account while do decisions where adequate knowledge is not available or where there ar cartridge clip constraints. There ar a lot of arguments regarding this intuitive decision fashioning by leaders where some people argue that it should not be like that as they may turn out to be wrong and others hold to the fact that at time intuitions lead to the right decision as leaders have this ability to analyze all the available culture and make the decision on it along with using their past pass and expertise.The paper will first start by defining what actually intuition is and what makes leaders to promote or prevent decision making using intuitions. then(prenominal) the paper will take a leaders point of view regarding decision making and how they bring in account all the available information to seeded player up with a decision. In the end, the chronicle will compargon decisions made on intuitions with the decisions made upon logical debate in order to move over a better knowledge to the readers regarding the devil concepts and terminologies.Defining Intuition Starting with the report, we all know what decision making is, however, it will be helpful for us to know what exactly intuitions ar on which leaders tend to make their decisions on. Intuitions are basically the ability of a person to actually judge or perceive an appropriate outcome without using reasoning and adequate information for that. The word is actually derived from a Latin word that means to look in spite of appearance and that is exactly what we are talking about in this report.While using intuitions, leaders are able to look into the matters, problems or situations without even making an exploit to gather or probe into the matter or its complexities (Aqor, 1986). With intuition, leaders actually tend to break into the thic kness of the surface reality through with(predicate) their gutt- facial expression, a feeling from inside that may be based on their past experience, a fear based interpretation or the actual leadership quality in their personality. What promotes or prevent leaders from using intuitionsMoving on, as we have realized that intuitions are feelings, emotions or responses that are based on your own abilities, thus, it is not always true that they are right, they can also be wrong. A leader may be good in doing so in a lot number of instances but still, he is not sure whether his next intuitive decision will actually lead to the same positive results. each important matter has its own requirements to mitigate risks and probing into complexities, thus for that purpose leaders do need appropriate information in order to come up with their decisions.However, many leaders fear this because of the fact that there personal bias in shape of their previous good or bad experience to a similar pr oblem can actually influence their decision to a great extent. This personal bias or personal judgment that we are talking about is basically based on personal abilities or past experiences and has very less to do with analyzing the current information that is available (Williams, 2001). Thus, leaders do fear with their intuitive decision making that it can actually make them make a wrong decision.On the other hand, there are instances, where leaders have to take charge of the matter and make decisions on just a small amount of information or at times no information. These are situations where there time and resource constraints and decisions have to be taken. There, the best thing a leader can do to save time and resources in gathering all the relevant information and risk factors is to use intuitive decision making approach.A leader is a qualified team up member who is chosen because of his ability to look at things with a broader and a next level thought process, thus team membe rs also tend to line up with their this ability and promote them to take such decision. An example of such decisions can be taken as sales predictions after a natural contingency or a sudden fall in the stock market. Although, the demand would fall due to these parcel, but it world power be the other way lap for a leader who is looking at the matter with a different approach using his intuitive decision making ability.Role of decision-making to a leaders position Moreover, a leader is the person who is actually held responsible for all the actions of his team. His team basically conforms to his decisions and relies on his orders and directions because they also accept him as to a greater extent capable in decision making and his abilities to solve problems and handle situations. Thus, with all this responsibility, a leader has to make sure that his decisions are correct and the best fire of the project and the team he is looking after.Any false decision can cost him and his te am a failure of project. When we talk in charge terms, we see that one thing that is always argued is the fact that decisions made upon inadequate information are mostly wrong. However, when we look into the practical world of leaders, can we consecrate that leaders always have the right amount of information at the right time and at the right place? Obviously not is the dress to this question because of the fact that if all information would have been made available to the team, then there was no need of a leader to make decisions.In that case just a checker or manager would have done the job of a leader (Aqor, 1986). But, when we look at the decision making role of a leader, he has to make a large number of decisions everyday for which he might not have all the information and which wont allow him much time to think upon them otherwise he will have to compromise all other important things that he and his team has to complete. A leader, as we have already discussed is chosen beca use of his special abilities, and this intuitive decision making skills is a part of them.Although on the surface we might govern that while intuitively making decisions, a leader does not takes into account all the information, but he is actually thinking with a different wobble and approach using his abilities that other team members cannot(Bealer,1998). Difference between decisions made with logical reasoning and decisions made with intuition In the last part of this report we will now discuss the difference between logical decision making and intuitive decision making.Logical decision making involves a exalted level of reasoning and data that is analyzed in order to come up with a decision. this approach is mostly advocated by most of the critics because of the fact that through this type of decision making, a leader tends to take into account and mitigate a large number of threats and risks which he might not through intuitive decision making. However, this type of a decisio n making approach may require more time and resources to come up with the decision (Williams, 2001). Also these decisions are mostly based on the theoretical knowledge and proven facts.For example, as we have seen in a number of stock markets that when people with logical reasoning were un-holding their stocks with losses, there were some others as well who were actually earning by using their intuitive knowledge. On the other hand, as we have discussed above that while making intuitive decisions, a leader might not take much time to make those decisions as they are usually made in circumstances where there are time constraints. Moreover, a leader uses his abilities to reconcile his past experiences and trends to come up with the decision rather than core number, figures and theoretical knowledge only. other major difference between the two is that both the types of decisions can actually go in the opposite directions as well as we have already discussed above in the stock market ex ample(Giannini & Rhodes,1978).Conclusion Thus, the report will conclude the discussion with an argument that no one can actually recite whether intuitive decision making is good or bad. It all depends on the situation. Yes, it is true that when there is adequate time and resources, the leader should also take into account the other approaches as well but in constraints of time, a leader may take these decisions depending on his abilities.Also we cannot also say which one of the two types of decision making is good or bad for the project because it again depends on the situation that the organization is in. however, as we know that intuitive decision making involves personal bias of leaders as well and may also reflect their personality traits such as risk taker or risk averse, it is recommended that whenever possible, a leader should take into account the logical reasoning approach and compare it with his intuitive perspective before taking any decision as it might make him realize a number of risks that he may have ignored in the first thought.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Thirty-one

TyrionAs he s tood in the predawn chill watching Chiggen butcher his horse, Tyrion Lannister chalked up angiotensin converting enzyme more debt owed the grims. Steam rose from inside the carcass when the squat sell stain opened the belly with his skinning knife. His hands moved deftly, with never a wasted snip the work had to be done quickly, to begin with the stink of blood brought shadowcats down from the heights.None of us leave go hungry tonight, Bronn verbalise. He was near a shadow himself bone thin and bone hard, with downcast eye and black hair and a stubble of beard.Some of us may, Tyrion t rargon him. I am not fond of eating horse. Particularly my horse.Meat is meat, Bronn said with a shrug. The Dothraki like horse more than beef or pork.Do you take me for a Dothraki? Tyrion asked sourly. The Dothraki eat horse, in truth they also left deformed children out for the feral dogs who ran behind their khalasars. Dothraki customs had scant appeal for him.Chiggen sliced a thin slipperiness of bloody meat off the carcass and held it up for inspection. Want a taste, dwarf?My br new(prenominal) Jaime gave me that mare for my twenty-third name day, Tyrion said in a flat voice.Thank him for us, accordingly. If you ever see him again. Chiggen grinned, showing yellow teeth, and sw completelyowed the raw meat in two bites. Tastes fountain judgement bred.Better if you fry it up with onions, Bronn point in.Wordlessly, Tyrion limped away. The cold had settled occult in his bones, and his legs were so sore he could scarcely walk. Perhaps his deceased mare was the lucky one. He had hours more locomote ahead of him, followed by a few mouthfuls of food and a short, cold sleep on hard ground, and and so another night of the same, and another, and another, and the gods only knew how it would end. razzing her, he muttered as he struggled up the road to re link up his captors, remembering, damn her and every(prenominal) the stricts.The memory was still bitt er. One mo ment hed been ordering supper, and an eye winking later he was facing a room of armed men, with Jyck r from each oneing for a sword and the fat innkeep shrieking, No swords, not here, please, mlords.Tyrion wrenched down Jycks arm hurriedly, before he got them twain hacked to pieces. Where are your courtesies, Jyck? Our good hostess said no swords. Do as she asks. He forced a smile that must ready looked as queasy as it felt. Youre making a sad mistake, lady spartan. I had no part in any attack on your son. On my honorLannister honor, was all she said. She held up her hands for all the room to see. His dagger left these scars. The steel he sent to open my sons throat.Tyrion felt the anger all around him, thick and smoky, fed by the deep cuts in the raw wo bits hands. Kill him, hissed some drunken slattern from the arse, and other voices took up the call, faster than he would have believed. Strangers all, friendly enough only a moment ago, and yet now they cried fo r his blood like hounds on a trail.Tyrion spoke up loudly, severe to keep the quaver from his voice. If Lady double-dyed(a) believes I have some crime to answer for, I pass on go with her and answer for it.It was the only executable course. Trying to cut their way out of this was a sure invitation to an early grave. A good dozen swords had responded to the stern wo human races plea for function the Harrenhal man, the three Brackens, a pair of unsavory sellswords who looked as though theyd eat up him as soon as spit, and some chump field hands who doubtless had no brain what they were doing. Against that, what did Tyrion have? A dagger at his belt, and two men. Jyck swung a fair enough sword, but Morrec scarcely counted he was part groom, part cook, part consistency servant, and no soldier. As for Yoren, whatever his feelings talent have been, the black brothers were sworn to take no part in the quarrels of the realm. Yoren would do nothing.And indeed, the black brother st epped asunder silently when the old knight by Catelyn Starks side said, Take their weapons, and the sellsword Bronn stepped forward to pull the sword from Jycks fingers and relieve them all of their daggers. Good, the old man said as the tension in the common room ebbed palpably, excellent. Tyrion recognized the gruff voice Winterfells master-at-arms, shorn of his whiskers.Scarlet-tinged spittle flew from the fat innkeeps mouth as she begged of Catelyn Stark, Dont kill him hereDont kill him anywhere, Tyrion urged.Take him somewheres else, no blood here, mlady, I wants no high lordlins quarrels.We are taking him back to Winterfell, she said, and Tyrion thought, Well, perhaps . . . By then hed had a moment to glint over the room and get a better idea of the situation. He was not altogether displeased by what he saw. Oh, the Stark fair sex had been clever, no doubt of it. Force them to make a public affirmation of the oaths sworn her beginner by the lords they served, and then call on them for succor, and her a woman, yes, that was sweet. Yet her succeeder was not as complete as she might have liked. There were close to fifty in the common room by his rough count. Catelyn Starks plea had roused a bare dozen the others looked confused, or frightened, or threatening. Only two of the Freys had stirred, Tyrion noted, and theyd sat back down quick enough when their captain failed to move. He might have smiled if hed dared.Winterfell it is, then, he said instead. That was a long ride, as he could well attest, having just ridden it the other way. So many things could happen along the way. My father will wonder what has become of me, he added, catching the eye of the swordsman whod offered to yield up his room. Hell pay a handsome reward to any man who brings him word of what happened here today. skipper Tywin would do no such thing, of course, but Tyrion would make up for it if he won free.Ser Rodrik glanced at his lady, his look worried, as well it might be. His men come with him, the old knight announced. And well thank the rest of you to stay quiet about what youve seen here.It was all Tyrion could do not to laugh. Quiet? The old fool. Unless he took the whole inn, the word would begin to spread the instant they were gone. The freerider with the gold coin in his pocket would fly to Casterly Rock like an arrow. If not him, then someone else. Yoren would carry the story south. That fool singer might make a lay of it. The Freys would report back to their lord, and the gods only knew what he might do. Lord Walder Frey might be sworn to Riverrun, but he was a cautious man who had lived a long time by making certain he was always on the winning side. At the very least he would send his birds winging south to Kings Landing, and he might well dare more than that.Catelyn Stark wasted no time. We must ride at formerly. Well want fresh mounts, and provisions for the road. You men, know that you have the eternal gratitude of House Stark. If any of you choose to admirer us guard our captives and get them safe to Winterfell, I promise you shall be well rewarded. That was all it took the fools came rushing forward. Tyrion studied their faces they would indeed be well rewarded, he vowed to himself, but perhaps not quite as they imagined.Yet even as they were bundling him outside, saddling the horses in the rain, and tying his hands with a length of discourteous rope, Tyrion Lannister was not truly afraid. They would never get him to Winterfell, he would have given odds on that. Riders would be after them within the day, birds would take wing, and surely one of the river lords would want to curry favor with his father enough to take a hand. Tyrion was congratulating himself on his subtlety when someone pulled a hood down over his look and lifted him up onto a saddle.They set out finished the rain at a hard gallop, and before long Tyrions thighs were cramped and aching and his foot throbbed with pain. purge when they were saf ely away from the inn, and Catelyn Stark slowed them to a trot, it was a miserable pounding journey over rough ground, made worse by his blindness. any twist and turn put him in danger of falling off his horse. The hood muffled sound, so he could not make out what was organism said around him, and the rain soaked through the cloth and made it cling to his face, until even breathing was a struggle. The rope chafed his wrists raw and seemed to erect tighter as the night wore on. I was about to settle down to a warm fire and a roast fowl, and that wretched singer had to open his mouth, he thought mournfully. The wretched singer had come along with them. There is a great verse to be made from this, and Im the one to make it, he told Catelyn Stark when he announced his intention of riding with them to see how the splendid adventure rancid out. Tyrion wondered whether the boy would think the adventure quite so splendid one time the Lannister riders caught up with them.The rain had fi nally stopped and dawn light was seeping through the wet cloth over his eyes when Catelyn Stark gave the command to dismount. prepare hands pulled him down from his horse, untied his wrists, and yanked the hood off his head. When he saw the narrow stony road, the foothills rising high and wild all around them, and the jagged snowcapped peaks on the distant horizon, all the hope went out of him in a rush. This is the high road, he gasped, looking at Lady Stark with accusation. The eastern road. You said we were riding for WinterfellCatelyn Stark favored him with the faintest of smiles. Often and loudly, she agreed. No doubt your friends will ride that way when they come after us. I wish them good speed.Even now, long days later, the memory filled him with a bitter rage. All his life Tyrion had prided himself on his cunning, the only gift the gods had seen fit to give him, and yet this seven-times-damned she-wolf Catelyn Stark had outwitted him at every turn. The knowledge was more galling than the bare fact of his abduction.They stopped only as long as it took to feed and water the horses, and then they were off again. This time Tyrion was spared the hood. After the second night they no longer bound his hands, and once they had gained the heights they scarcely bothered to guard him at all. It seemed they did not fear his escape. And why should they? Up here the land was harsh and wild, and the high road small(a) more than a stony track. If he did run, how far could he hope to go, alone and without provisions? The shadowcats would make a morsel of him, and the clans that dwelt in the mountain fastnesses were brigands and murderers who bowed to no law but the sword.Yet still the Stark woman drove them forward relentlessly. He knew where they were bound. He had known it since the moment they pulled off his hood. These mountains were the domain of House Arryn, and the late Hands widow was a Tully, Catelyn Starks sister . . . and no friend to the Lannisters. Tyri on had known the Lady Lysa slightly during her years at Kings Landing, and did not look forward to renewing the acquaintance.His captors were clustered around a stream a short ways down the high road. The horses had drunk their fill of the icy cold water, and were grazing on clumps of brown grass that grew from clefts in the thrill. Jyck and Morrec huddled close, sullen and miserable. Mohor stood over them, prevailing on his spear and wearing a rounded iron cap that made him look as if he had a scroll on his head. Nearby, Marillion the singer sat oiling his woodharp, complaining of what the damp was doing to his strings.We must have some rest, my lady, the hedge knight Ser Willis Wode was labeling to Catelyn Stark as Tyrion approached. He was Lady Whents man, stiff-necked and stolid, and the maiden to rise to aid Catelyn Stark back at the inn.Ser Willis speaks truly, my lady, Ser Rodrik said. This is the third horse we have lostWe will lose more than horses if were overtaken by the Lannisters, she reminded them. Her face was windburnt and gaunt, but it had lost none of its determination.Small chance of that here, Tyrion put in.The lady did not ask your views, dwarf, snapped Kurleket, a great fat oaf with short-cropped hair and a pigs face. He was one of the Brackens, a man-at-arms in the service of Lord Jonos. Tyrion had made a special effort to learn all their names, so he might thank them later for their tender treatment of him. A Lannister always paid his debts. Kurleket would learn that someday, as would his friends Lharys and Mohor, and the good Ser Willis, and the sellswords Bronn and Chiggen. He planned an oddly sharp lesson for Marillion, him of the woodharp and the sweet tenor voice, who was struggling so manfully to rhyme imp with gimp and limp so he could make a song of this outrage.let him speak, Lady Stark commanded.Tyrion Lannister seated himself on a rock. By now our pursuit is likely racing across the Neck, chasing your lie up the kingsr oad . . . assume there is a pursuit, which is by no means certain. Oh, no doubt the word has reached my father . . . but my father does not love me overmuch, and I am not at all sure that he will bother to bestir himself. It was only fractional a lie Lord Tywin Lannister cared not a fig for his deformed son, but he tolerated no slights on the honor of his House. This is a cruel land, Lady Stark. Youll find no succor until you reach the Vale, and each mount you lose burdens the others all the more. Worse, you risk losing me. I am small, and not strong, and if I die, then whats the point? That was no lie at all Tyrion did not know how much longer he could endure this pace.It might be said that your death is the point, Lannister, Catelyn Stark replied.I think not, Tyrion said. If you wanted me dead, you had only to say the word, and one of these staunch friends of yours would buoyantly have given me a red smile. He looked at Kurleket, but the man was too dim to taste the mockery.The Starks do not murder men in their beds.Nor do I, he said. I tell you again, I had no part in the attempt to kill your son.The bravo was armed with your dagger.Tyrion felt the heat rise in him. It was not my dagger, he insisted. How many times must I swear to that? Lady Stark, whatever you may believe of me, I am not a stupid man. Only a fool would arm a common footpad with his own blade. effective for a moment, he thought he saw a flicker of doubt in her eyes, but what she said was, Why would Petyr lie to me?Why does a bear shit in the woods? he demanded. Because it is his nature. Lying comes as easily as breathing to a man like Littlefinger. You ought to know that, you of all people.She took a step toward him, her face tight. And what does that mean, Lannister?Tyrion cocked his head. Why, every man at court has heard him tell how he took your maidenhead, my lady.That is a lie Catelyn Stark said.Oh, wicked little imp, Marillion said, shocked.Kurleket drew his dirk, a vicious piece of black iron. At your word, mlady, Ill toss his lying tongue at your feet. His pig eyes were wet with excitement at the prospect.Catelyn Stark stared at Tyrion with a coldness on her face such as he had never seen. Petyr Baelish loved me once. He was only a boy. His vexation was a tragedy for all of us, but it was real, and pure, and nothing to be made mock of. He wanted my hand. That is the truth of the matter. You are truly an evil man, Lannister. And you are truly a fool, Lady Stark. Littlefinger has never loved anyone but Littlefinger, and I promise you that it is not your hand that he boasts of, its those ripe breasts of yours, and that sweet mouth, and the heat amid your legs.Kurleket grabbed a handful of hair and yanked his head back in a hard jerk, baring his throat. Tyrion felt the cold kiss of steel beneath his chin. Shall I bleed him, my lady?Kill me and the truth dies with me, Tyrion gasped.Let him talk, Catelyn Stark commanded.Kurleket let go of Tyrions hair, relucta ntly.Tyrion took a deep breath. How did Littlefinger tell you I came by this dagger of his? assist me that.You won it from him in a wager, during the tourney on Prince Joffreys name day.When my brother Jaime was unhorsed by the Knight of Flowers, that was his story, no?It was, she admitted. A line creased her brow.RidersThe shriek came from the wind-carved ridge higher up them. Ser Rodrik had sent Lharys scrambling up the rock face to watch the road while they took their rest.For a long second, no one moved. Catelyn Stark was the first to react. Ser Rodrik, Ser Willis, to horse, she yelled. Get the other mounts behind us. Mohor, guard the prisoners offset us Tyrion sprang to his feet and seized her by the arm. You will need every sword.She knew he was right, Tyrion could see it. The mountain clans cared nothing for the enmities of the great houses they would slaughter Stark and Lannister with equal fervor, as they slaughtered each other. They might spare Catelyn herself she was st ill young enough to bear sons. Still, she hesitated.I hear them Ser Rodrik called out. Tyrion turned his head to listen, and there it was hoofbeats, a dozen horses or more, coming nearer. Suddenly everyone was moving, reaching for weapons, running to their mounts.Pebbles rained down around them as Lharys came springing and sliding down the ridge. He landed breathless in front of Catelyn Stark, an ungainly-looking man with wild tufts of rust-colored hair sticking out from under a conical steel cap. Twenty men, maybe twenty-five, he said, breathless. Milk Snakes or Moon Brothers, by my guess. They must have eyes out, mlady . . . hidden watchers . . . they know were here.Ser Rodrik Cassel was already ahorse, a longsword in hand. Mohor crouched behind a boulder, both hands on his iron-tipped spear, a dagger between his teeth. You, singer, Ser Willis Wode called out. Help me with this breastplate. Marillion sat frozen, clutching his woodharp, his face as pale as milk, but Tyrions man Mor rec bounded quickly to his feet and moved to help the knight with his armor.Tyrion kept his grip on Catelyn Stark. You have no choice, he told her. Three of us, and a four-spotth man wasted guarding us . . . four men can be the difference between life and death up here.Give me your word that you will put down your swords again after the make do is done.My word? The hoofbeats were louder now. Tyrion grinned crookedly. Oh, that you have, my lady . . . on my honor as a Lannister.For a moment he thought she would spit at him, but instead she snapped, Arm them, and as quick as that she was pulling away. Ser Rodrik tossed Jyck his sword and scabbard, and wheeled to meet the foe. Morrec helped himself to a bow and quiver, and went to one knee beside the road. He was a better bowman than swordsman. And Bronn rode up to offer Tyrion a double-bladed hack.I have never fought with an hack. The weapon felt awkward and unfamiliar in his hands. It had a short haft, a good head, a nasty spike on top.Pretend youre splitting logs, Bronn said, drawing his longsword from the scabbard across his back. He spat, and trotted off to form up beside Chiggen and Ser Rodrik. Ser Willis mount up to join them, fumbling with his helmet, a metal pot with a thin slit for his eyes and a long black silk plume.Logs dont bleed, Tyrion said to no one in particular. He felt naked without armor. He looked around for a rock and ran over to where Marillion was hiding. Move over.Go away the boy screamed back at him. Im a singer, I want no part of this fightWhat, lost your taste for adventure? Tyrion kicked at the youth until he slid over, and not a moment too soon. A heartbeat later, the riders were on them.There were no heralds, no banners, no horns nor drums, only the twang of bowstrings as Morrec and Lharys let fly, and suddenly the clansmen came thundering out of the dawn, lean dark men in boiled leather and mismatched armor, faces hidden behind barred halfhelms. In gloved hands were clutched all manner of weapons longswords and lances and modify cut downs, spiked clubs and daggers and heavily iron mauls. At their head rode a big man in a striped shadowskin cloak, armed with a two-handed greatsword.Ser Rodrik shouted Winterfell and rode to meet him, with Bronn and Chiggen beside him, screaming some wordless battle cry. Ser Willis Wode followed, swinging a spiked morningstar around his head. Harrenhal Harrenhal he sang. Tyrion felt a sudden urge to restrict up, brandish his axe, and boom out, Casterly Rock but the insanity passed quickly and he crouched down lower.He heard the screams of frightened horses and the crash of metal on metal. Chiggens sword raked across the naked face of a mailed rider, and Bronn plunged through the clansmen like a whirlwind, cutting down foes right and left. Ser Rodrik hammered at the big man in the shadowskin cloak, their horses dancing round each other as they traded blow for blow. Jyck vaulted onto a horse and galloped bareback into th e fray. Tyrion saw an arrow sprout from the throat of the man in the shadowskin cloak. When he opened his mouth to scream, only blood came out. By the time he fell, Ser Rodrik was fighting someone else.Suddenly Marillion shrieked, covering his head with his woodharp as a horse leapt over their rock. Tyrion scrambled to his feet as the rider turned to come back at them, hefting a spiked maul. Tyrion swung his axe with both hands. The blade caught the charging horse in the throat with a meaty thunk, angling upward, and Tyrion almost lost his grip as the animal screamed and collapsed. He managed to wrench the axe free and lurch clumsily out of the way. Marillion was less fortunate. Horse and rider crashed to the ground in a tangle on top of the singer. Tyrion danced back in while the brigands leg was still pinned beneath his fallen mount, and buried the axe in the mans neck, just above the shoulder blades.As he struggled to yank the blade loose, he heard Marillion moaning under the bod ies. Someone help me, the singer gasped. Gods have mercy, Im bleeding.I believe thats horse blood, Tyrion said. The singers hand came crawling out from beneath the dead animal, scrabbling in the dirt like a spider with five legs. Tyrion put his heel on the grasping fingers and felt a satisfying crunch. Close your eyes and pretend youre dead, he advised the singer before he hefted the axe and turned away.After that, things ran together. The dawn was full of shouts and screams and weighty with the scent of blood, and the world had turned to chaos. Arrows hissed past his ear and clattered off the rocks. He saw Bronn unhorsed, fighting with a sword in each hand. Tyrion kept on the fringes of the fight, sliding from rock to rock and darting out of the shadows to hew at the legs of passing horses. He found a wounded clansman and left him dead, helping himself to the mans halfhelm. It fit too snugly, but Tyrion was glad of any protection at all. Jyck was cut down from behind while he slic ed at a man in front of him, and later Tyrion stumbled over Kurlekets body. The pig face had been smashed in with a mace, but Tyrion recognized the dirk as he plucked it from the mans dead fingers. He was sliding it through his belt when he heard a womans scream.Catelyn Stark was trapped against the stone face of the mountain with three men around her, one still mounted and the other two on foot. She had a dagger clutched awkwardly in her maimed hands, but her back was to the rock now and they had penned her on three sides. Let them have the bitch, Tyrion thought, and welcome to her, yet somehow he was moving. He caught the first man in the back of the knee before they even knew he was there, and the heavy axehead split flesh and bone like rotten wood. Logs that bleed, Tyrion thought inanely as the second man came for him. Tyrion ducked under his sword, lashed out with the axe, the man reeled backward . . . and Catelyn Stark stepped up behind him and opened his throat. The horseman remembered an urgent engagement elsewhere and galloped off suddenly.Tyrion looked around. The enemy were all vanquished or vanished. Somehow the fighting had ended when he wasnt looking. Dying horses and wounded men lay all around, screaming or moaning. To his vast astonishment, he was not one of them. He opened his fingers and let the axe thunk to the ground. His hands were sticky with blood. He could have sworn they had been fighting for half a day, but the sun seemed scarcely to have moved at all.Your first battle? Bronn asked later as he bent over Jycks body, pulling off his boots. They were good boots, as befit one of Lord Tywins men heavy leather, oiled and supple, much finer than what Bronn was wearing.Tyrion nodded. My father will be so proud, he said. His legs were cramping so badly he could scarcely stand. Odd, he had never once noticed the pain during the battle.You need a woman now, Bronn said with a glint in his black eyes. He shoved the boots into his saddlebag. Nothin g like a woman after a mans been blooded, take my word.Chiggen stopped looting the corpses of the brigands long enough to snort and lick his lips.Tyrion glanced over to where Lady Stark was dressing Ser Rodriks wounds. Im willing if she is, he said. The freeriders broke into laughter, and Tyrion grinned and thought, Theres a start.Afterward he knelt by the stream and washed the blood off his face in water cold as ice. As he limped back to the others, he glanced again at the slain. The dead clansmen were thin, ragged men, their horses scrawny and undersized, with every rib showing. What weapons Bronn and Chiggen had left them were none too impressive. Mauls, clubs, a scythe . . . He remembered the big man in the shadowskin cloak who had dueled Ser Rodrik with a two-handed greatsword, but when he found his corpse sprawled on the stony ground, the man was not so big after all, the cloak was gone, and Tyrion saw that the blade was badly notched, its cheap steel spotted with rust. Small wonder the clansmen had left nine bodies on the ground.They had only three dead two of Lord Brackens men-at-arms, Kurleket and Mohor, and his own man Jyck, who had made such a bold show with his bareback charge. A fool to the end, Tyrion thought.Lady Stark, I urge you to press on, with all haste, Ser Willis Wode said, his eyes scanning the ridgetops warily through the slit in his helm. We drove them off for the moment, but they will not have gone far.We must bury our dead, Ser Willis, she said. These were brave men. I will not leave them to the crows and shadowcats.This soil is too stony for digging, Ser Willis said.Then we shall receive stones for cairns.Gather all the stones you want, Bronn told her, but do it without me or Chiggen. Ive better things to do than pile rocks on dead men . . . breathing, for one. He looked over the rest of the survivors. all of you who hope to be alive come nightfall, ride with us.My lady, I fear he speaks the truth, Ser Rodrik said wearily. The old knight had been wounded in the fight, a deep gash in his left arm and a spear thrust that grazed his neck, and he sounded his age. If we linger here, they will be on us again for a certainty, and we may not live through a second attack.Tyrion could see the anger in Catelyns face, but she had no choice. May the gods forgive us, then. We will ride at once.There was no shortage of horses now. Tyrion moved his saddle to Jycks spotted gelding, who looked strong enough to last another three or four days at least. He was about to mount when Lharys stepped up and said, Ill take that dirk now, dwarf.Let him keep it. Catelyn Stark looked down from her horse. And see that he has his axe back as well. We may have need of it if we are attacked again.You have my thanks, lady, Tyrion said, mounting up.Save them, she said curtly. I trust you no more than I did before. She was gone before he could frame a reply.Tyrion adjusted his stolen helm and took the axe from Bronn. He remembered how he had be gun the journey, with his wrists bound and a hood pulled down over his head, and obstinate that this was a definite improvement. Lady Stark could keep her trust so long as he could keep the axe, he would count himself ahead in the game.Ser Willis Wode led them out. Bronn took the rear, with Lady Stark safely in the middle, Ser Rodrik a shadow beside her. Marillion kept throwing sullen looks back at Tyrion as they rode. The singer had broken several(prenominal) ribs, his woodharp, and all four fingers on his playing hand, yet the day had not been an utter loss to him somewhere he had acquired a magnificent shadowskin cloak, thick black fur slashed by stripes of white. He huddled beneath its folds silently, and for once had nothing to say.They heard the deep growls of shadowcats behind them before they had gone half a mile, and later the wild snarling of the beasts fighting over the corpses they had left behind. Marillion grew visibly pale. Tyrion trotted up beside him. Craven, he sa id, rhymes nicely with raven. He kicked his horse and moved past the singer, up to Ser Rodrik and Catelyn Stark.She looked at him, lips pressed tightly together.As I was saying before we were so rudely interrupted, Tyrion began, there is a serious flaw in Littlefingers fable. whatsoever you may believe of me, Lady Stark, I promise you thisI never bet against my family.

Lost and Sex and The City Essay

By choosing any two programmes that you ar familiar with describe and discuss what the term property Television means. fiber telly refers to the development and rise of type television drama.The term quality television however mostly refers to the emergence of qualitybroadcasters they themselves use to describe a genre/style of television programming that they argue is of higher quality than other genres.Television is for appearing on, non looking at. (Coward, 1993 436)They are referring to the kinds of programmes that are perceived as more expensively produced and, especially more heathenly worthwhile, due to their field matter or content. In the muniment of quality television, it presents a daunting set of challenges. There is no central register of quality programming quality style is defined by depth and mania of its tones and the use of self reflexivity and the notion that the writers and viewers enjoyed an unusual degree of freedom. The term likewise associates mos tly on the issue of gender representation. In this essay I will discuss television shows, incapacitated and shake up and The metropolis and how they have both proved great quality television through their supremacy and interesting plot lines. (Jancovich, Mark, Lyons, James, fiber Popular Television, 2003)The complex characters, settings and dilemmas are what make good quality television. This brings me to disoriented. Lost is an American television drama that follows the survivors of a plane crash that end up on a clandestine island. Each fact typically features what happens on the island as well as a secondary storyline of the characters lives.Most of the characters in Lost are driven to reconcile a patriarchal crisis darn must(prenominal) resolve an Oedipal conflict with his alcoholic father, John Locke must redeem his masculinity and after being manipulated by his father and rebuild his disabled body and Kate and Sawyer are repetitively haunted by their fathers and aris tocratical pasts. The whole island is an experimental site, emphasizing the constant distress of mystery that the island holds and the unknowing. inside this, each contingency continues a story ab come forth each character, most encountering their violent fathers and how this will shape the collective islands culture.In unmatchable particular episode, The 23rd Psalm, flash approves consist between Nigeria, the present day and a Nigerian beechcraft plane that crashed on the island. Mr Eko becomes aware that drug addict Charlie has possession of a heroin filled Virgin bloody shame statue that he realizes has a connection to his own past. aft(prenominal) discovering the plane on the island, Eko finds his brothers corpse along with it. The episode has an overall theme of redemption of Mr Ekos religious leanings that have created a major turn in his life. This also challenges our assumptions about coincidence and fate and how the overall series depicts spirituality and realism through the characters pasts. (www.uk.tv.ign.com/artcicles/ ci/1011812p1.html)The director, JJ Abrams, creates absolute character development and long term plotting which is why the Lost series re of imported so strong and captivating for audiences. The fact that hoi polloi were being forced to live together and survive, made it interesting to insure because relationships were created very fast and viewers wanted to see love, fights and dramas as well as action and eldritch happenings on the island. In the first pilot episode of Lost, the first scene shows an eye close-up and character Jack Shephard as he awakens in a jungle and notices a yellow Labrador retriever darting through the forest.He so runs through the jungle to a beach where he is faced with the disaster of the plane crash and people fighting for survival. Quality TV dramas are what make audiences want to keep watching and Lost is a great example of this because in the very first scene, viewers are already given that mast ermind blowing experience and the drive to keep watching. The characters are also faced with the unraveling of the islands mystery and the motives of the unknown Others who whitethorn also inhabit the island. The series tracks two major, interconnected themes first, the struggles to survive and live together on the island and second, the lives of the fourteen chief(prenominal) characters before the crash which is retold through flashbacks. It doesnt follow the stereotypical television back story and allows viewers to become connected with the characters, their secrets and motivations.Jack is a doctor becomes the leader of the group helping Charlie kicks his drug addiction and encourages Shannon to pursue her relationship with Syid. Jack is seen at the very beginning of the series and in the last episode in the last scene where it re creates the first scene again only in a different context. The way Lost starts off, during with all the inconceivable and unthinkable story lines, mak es it so mesmerizing for audiences. After six seasons of plot twists, there was a completely thrilling but not entirely consistent finale. Audiences across the world became worried about what Lost would end like and how everything could be explained because of its constant complexity. Lost is full of mind puzzling and gripping drama that has become a huge success through its mind blowing performances. (www.tv.com/shows/lost)Another American quality TV show is Sex and The metropolis. Broadcast from 1998 until 2004, the comedy-drama series follows the lives of a group of four women three in their mid thirties and one in her forties and passim their different natures and constant changing sex lives, they remain great friends with high confidence. Sex and The City becomes quality television through the continual of its quirky storylines and modern social issues that explore the differences between friendships, relationships and revolves around femininity. The main character Carrie Bra dshaw is the narrator of each episode which is structured through her train of thoughts. finishedout the entire series, Carrie is mixed with her on and off relationship with Mr Big and whose name eventually is revealed to be John Preston. Each character has their own individual unique personalities which female audiences can relate to and connect with. Sex and The City has proven to be one of the most successful and controversial television programmes of the last decade. In transforms the idea of the acuate widow into the life of the single urban female and emphasizes an upper class life. It also presents sophistication and yet, very much of the generic and stylistic conventions, are by no means new to this specific show. (LeMay, Matt, Sex and the City and the plow of Quality Television 2)Once upon a time on a small island not too far away, there lived four smart, beautiful women who were all very good friends. (LeMay, Matt, Sex and the City and the Discourse of Quality Televisi on 2)This quote already establishes the genre of the show and the kind of characters the audience may expect to see. Much of the criticism both positive and negative, show degrees of realism which suggests how they are entwined in the history of industry and market standards of quality television and determines gender and class.Many other dramas can be traced back to earlier realist family sitcoms and still remain relevant to contemporary quality television such as Sex and The City. There is a particular emphasis on self reflectivity and the programs representations and intersexuality. Through Sex and the City, the relation to feminism and sexual taboos positions itself in the history of television. Intersexuality occurs through the importance and real-life impact of the cultural phenomenon called Sex and the City. (Akass, Kim, McCabe, Janet, Reading sex and the city. London I.B. Tauris, 2004)In conclusion, the serve to clearly set out the intended debate and issue of Quality TV, is the way in which critics and audiences currently define it and give a broad overview of the critical contentiousness of quality TV as a collective term. Quality Television is about captivating storylines, unique characters and enabling viewers to want to watch excellent programming. Within this, audiences are able to connect with the show through the interesting structures that are included in them.BibliographyBooksJancovich, Mark, Lyons, James, Quality Popular Television, 2003)McCabe, Janet, Akass, Kim, Contemporary American Television and Beyond, 2007)Akass, Kim, McCabe, Janet, Reading sex and the city. London I.B. Tauris, 2004Articles(LeMay, Matt, Sex and the City and the Discourse of Quality Television 2)Websiteswww.uk.tv.ign.com/artcicles/101/1011812p1.htmlwww.tv.com/shows/lost

Ethical Dimensions Essay

Health consider tools has changed to organize better dish out for tolerants. Doctors utilization computers or laptop in the office and exam rooms to enter electronic health records (EHR). The EHR makes it easier for the patients to receive better make care along with better organized health statistics. The Health Insurance Portability Accountability Act (HIPAA) administers the HIPPA screen and guarantor Rules for individuals protection of their health information. Many doctors and health care providers recognize and comply all requirements under the Security and solitude Rules. EHR permits health care providers and doctors to use info efficiently in their care and to develop the superiority and effectiveness for the betterment of the patient. Hospitals, doctors offices, and care givers must meet the criteria of Electronic Health Record Program to become eligible for the Medicaid and Medicare Services (CMS).The first-class honours degree year, hospitals and Eligible Profess ionals (EP) do not have to demonstrate their important use, but are obligated to approve or upgrade to an (EHR) for them to receive payments for the services rendered. All work must be documented right on in stage 1, (data capture & sharing)- stage 2 (Advance clinical processes), or stage 3 (Improved Outcomes) The HIPAA silence Rule gives the patients rights to all information documented concerning them. Whether on paper or electronic, the patient have the rights to their medical records, get correction made if any mistakes are found, informed if the doctor use or give his/her information to anyone, to see where they contact you, and to complain if needed to OCR website www.hhs.gov/ocr.ReferencesHow do HIPAA Privacy and Security Rules apply to Health IT and EHRs? December 12, 2011, 1024 am / Leon Rodriguez / Former Director, HHS, Health IT Buzz Privacy and Security of EHRs Privacy, Security, and Electronic Health Record, December 12, 2011, 1024 am / Leon Rodriguez / Former Dir ector, HHS Office for polite Rights www.healthit.gov Health IT Buzz Privacy and Security of EHRsHealth IT.gov, For Providers & Professionals, EHR Incentives & Certification, Last updated Tuesday, January 15, 2013, www.healthit.gov EHR Incentives & Certification, Apr 9, 2014

Copper Cycle Lab Report

CHEM 1300 Laboratory Program, Fall(a) 2012 Experiment 3 cover piddle Name ___________________________ Student Number ___________ Locker __________ Section Laboratory Day Lab sitting Lab Room Number Rotation B0__ Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri AM PM 206 216 222 230 240 12 Experiment 3 Copper Cycle Instructions for Laboratory radicals1. Your lab report must be submitted using this authorized report sheet.2. You must legibly and correctly provide all identifying information requested above. Incomplete or incorrect information can lead to substantial penalties.3.You are strongly encouraged to type all or most of your responses. Responses can be first written and saved using a develop processor (e. g. Microsoft Word) and then pasted into the report form. Printing problems often occur when the PDF report forms are redact and saved on Mac computers. Concessions will not be made for technical difficulties.4. If you choose to write any part of the report, you must do so legibly in ink. Illegib le responses, including sections written with scant(p) handwriting or typed in with miniscule font size will not be attach and will be assigned a value of zero.5. Detailed instructions on how to write a lab report are provided on pages 10 15 of the lab manual.6. Lots of aloofness is provided in each section of the report. Be concise. You do not need to fill in all space provided for the sake of doing so.7. When asked to provide calculations, for full credit you must provide a labeled and systematic access showing all steps and assumptions required to determine the required results. All calculations must be typed or written legibly.8. You must submit the complete set of original copies (i. e. he white copies) of your Data/ poster sheets that were signed by your TA with your report. Any attempt to alter the original data or engage a different set of data in the analyses contained in this report is an act of academic knavery and will be penalized as such. Some marks will be alloc ated to the completeness of your data.9. It is an act of plagiarism (will be penalized) to use any data or information obtained from the literature and/or Web sources without properly citing it. You should alteration cited work in your own words, especially if the quotation spans more than a couple of sentences.10. Staple unitedly all pages relating to this report and submit it in the correct slot in the report cabinet forwards the submission deadline. Reports submitted into the wrong slot or late will be penalized.Official Report miscellany Page 1 of 5 CHEM 1300 Laboratory Program, Fall 2012 Experiment 3 Report lick finding ResultsUse your experimental data to determine the percent recovery of copper from Cu(NO3)2. Official Report Form Page 2 of 5 CHEM 1300 Laboratory Program, Fall 2012 Experiment 3 Report Form number the balanced net ionic equations for all reactions that you observed in this experiment.Use your observations to provide evidence for all prosperous reactions completed and products formed. Where applicable, list ions in their coordination complex form for example, when Cu2+ exists as the hexaaquo complex, use Cu(H2O)62+ (aq) in your equation. Note The zinc cation also forms a hexaaquo complex in aqueous solution. Official Report Form Page 3 of 5 CHEM 1300 Laboratory Program, Fall 2012 Experiment 3 Report Form Discussion Official Report Form Page 4 of 5 CHEM 1300 Laboratory Program, Fall 2012 Experiment 3 Report Form Discussion (continued) Conclusion References Official Report Form Page 5 of 5

Political Science Essay

State and local governments are directly involved in our daily lives. The history of states and localities over the past two decades has been one of transformation. They pull in shed their backward ways, reformed their institutions, and emerged as clear and proactive. State resurgence is exemplified in improved revenue systems, the expanded scope of state operations, faster dispersal of innovations, more interjurisdictional cooperation, and increased nationalstate conflict. Several persistent challenges dog states and localities fiscal stress, interjurisdictional competition, and political corruption. The coupled States is becoming more racially and ethnically diverse. The increase in population in Sunbelt states such as Nevada and Arizona outpaces the rest of the nation. Meanwhile, negative growth characterized North Dakota and Louisiana from 2000 to 2008. An outbreak of culture wars is redefining the politics of roughly communities and states. As a whole, the states are dive rse, competitive, and resilient. Their increased capacity to govern effectively has been sorely tested in the first decade of the twenty-first century.Chapter 2U.S. federalism is an ongoing experiment in governance. A fundamental fountainhead is, what is the proper balance of power and responsibility between the national government and the states? Actions of the courts, Congress, and the executive branch have expanded powers of the national government. Over time, the trend has generally been in the direction of a stronger national government. showtime in the early 1980s, however, there was a resurgence of the state and local governments as political and indemnity actors. The power relationships among the lead levels of government are described by various models, including dual and cooperative relationships among the three levels of government.federalism. The operative model is cooperative federalism, under the variant known as new federalism.A paint concept in federalism is inte rgovernmental relations, particularly financial relationships among the three levels of government. The national government imposes certain controversial requirements on grants-in aid, including mandates and pre-emptions.http//www.usa.gov/Agencies/federal.shtmlExecutive BranchThe executive branch of the government is responsible for enforcing the laws of the land. The president, vice president, department heads (cabinet members), and heads of independent agencies station out this mission. Judicial BranchCourts decide arguments about the meaning of laws and how they are applied. They also decide if laws break the Constitutionthis is known as judicial review, and it is how federal courts provide checks and balances on the legislative and executive branches. legislative BranchArticle I of the Constitution establishes the legislative or law making branch of government. It has a two-branch Congressthe Senate and the House of Representativesand agencies that support Congress.

Early Marriage in South Asia Essay

premature marri get on affects millions of new-fangledsterren through the world. It is widely praxisd in the countries of South Asia where every year millions of unripe womans-preteens and teens- become the wives of senior men. Young misfires be unite when they ar stable children and as a result be denied fundamental humane rights. Early nuptials compromises their development and a great deal results in archeozoic pregnancy and social isolation, with little grooming and poor vocational training reinforcing the g blockadeered spirit of poverty. Required to perform heavy amounts of domesticated work, under pressure to demonstrate fertility, married misfires and child m differents view constrained decision-making and muffled life choices. Both male childs and missys be affected by child marri bestride provided the issue impacts young ladys in far larger lists, with more intensityand is wide ranging.1Early marri snip, better cognize as child marriold age, is defined as uniting carried below the age of 18 long while, forward the daughter is physically, physiologically and psychologically ready to shoulder the responsibilities of espousals and child bearing2. Many factors interact to spot a child at essay of conglutination. P arnts encourage the mating of their little girls while they ar restrained children in hopes that the sum will benefit them both financially and socially, while in addition relieving financial hitchs on the family. conceptive correlational statisticss in the midst of a womans age at brotherhood and the level of preparation she achieves, the age at which she lay downs extradite to her first child and the age of her husband have been well documented. Early marriage means also the individual becomes versedly bustling previous(predicate), raising children while children themselves. The marriage of a preteen girl affects non solo her life but that of the children she will bear.Early marriage is by no means a new phenomenon.3 It is a socially established practice that has been carried on from generation to generation. This is condescension the existence of international and regional instruments that all the States in South Asia have ratified. Governments in the region also settled upon 18 as the minimum legal age at marriage. However, they are ofttimes both unable to enforce existing justices, or rectify discrepancies amongst national laws and customary and religious laws. more or little often, child marriage is considered as a family matter and governed by religion and culture, which warrant its continuity. It remains thence a widely ignored violation of the rights of girls and women and exposes them to multiple risks, including to intimate abuse and exploitation.Compiled from a study undertaken by Mira, B. AGHI, this paper examines early marriage in the region in order to murderer information for outline and discussion.The Prevalence Of Early Marriage In So uth AsiaIt is very difficult to get accurate entropy on the true extent of early marriages. This is because most marriages are not dispatchicially registered, and umpteen parents utilize to falsifying girls ages. Such acts are made easier in countrified areas where cause certificates are often non-existent or not properly recorded. in that respect is also very little data on girls married onwards the age of 15. Available data are often outdated and fail to provide adequate information. Although early marriage is said to be declining in many parts of the world, the total number of girls at risk or affected is very earthshaking and cannot be ignored. It is estimated there are worldwide more than 51 million adolescent girls aged 1519 who are married and bearing the burden of domestic responsibility and the risks associated with early inner activity, including pregnancy.4 In South Asia in 2005, 48% (nearly 10 million) of materialisation women were married sooner the age of 1 85.Figure 1Child marriage, 1987 2006.(% of women 20-24 years of age that were married or in union in the first place they were 18 years old) picDespite a shift towards later marriages in many parts of the world, in the countries of South Asia a majority of girls still marry before age 18 (65% in Bangladesh, 57% in Nepal, 54% in Afghanistan, and almost 50% in India). One worry in assessing the prevalence of early marriages is that many are unregistered and unofficial and hence, are not a part of any data collection system. Very little data exists on marriages of children under the age of 10, even less on those below that age6.Some countries do have data. According to Bangladeshs demographic and wellness travel along of 1996-1997, there are 28 million adolescents in Bangladesh, 13.7% of these are girls, and the survey account that more than half the girls below 19 were married and 5% of 10-14 year old girls were married. other survey of women 25-29 years old reported that in Bangladesh 81% were married before the age of 188. The lowest age at marriage is to be found in the western and southern parts of Bangladesh specifically those near India. In India, more than 57 per cent of girls are reported to get married before they change shape 18.According to the Reproductive and Child Health District Level Household Survey, 28% girls overall, with 34.5% in rural and 13% in urban areas, are being married before they turned 18. According to a Rapid Household survey conducted across the country, 58.9% women in Bihar were married before the age of 18, 55.8% in Rajasthan, 54.9% in West Bengal, 53.8 % in Utter Pradesh, and 53.2% in Madhya Pradesh. National Family Health Survey data suggests that the median age for marriage in India is 16.4 years. This survey also found that 65% of the girls are married by the time they are 18.9There are additional surveys like ane in 1993 which reported that in the Indian state of Rajasthan, on 5,000 women 56% had married before age 15, and of these, 17% were married before they were 10.10 Another report indicated that nearly 14% of the girls in Indias largest state (Uttar Pradesh) are married between the ages of 10-14 years, whereas in the central province of Madhya Pradesh, 11% of urban and 16.4% of rural girls are married between the ages of 10-14 years.11In Nepal, the law has helped in increasing the age at marriage. However, the data which included female marriages at all ages showed that ethnicity is the major factor of age at marriage in Nepal. The ethnic groups are mostly concentrated in the Terai region, which borders India, and where the cultural norms and practices are steeply influenced by the culture of marriage India. In contrast to other groups, peculiarly in the mountain region, women belonging to the Terai groups are generally confined to farming they exercise comparatively less control over the economic resources and decision-making.The most notable data from Nepal is 83.1% of girls of some ethnic groups marry before they are 15 years old. 79.6% Muslim girls marry before they are 15 years old. 69.7% girls in the mountainous and hilly regions marry at the age of 15 whereas 55.7% in rural Nepal marry before they turn 15.12 Earlymarriage is more vulgar in Surkhet district of mid-western Nepal.13 One of the findings of the study is that high caste girls do not feel the pressure to marry at a very young age and while they are in primary school. But when they reach 13 years, pressure is regurgitate on them especially if they fail their school exams. If they are doing well their parents will often let them abide with their stu dashs. Lower caste girls have more than higher(prenominal) pressure and less choice.14A survey of adults 25-29 years old revealed that in Pakistan 37% of the girls were married before the legal age, which at the time was16.15 In Pakistan, as in other countries of South Asia, early marriage is more harsh in rural areas. excessively people s ustenance in rural areas observe traditions more closely than those who live in urban areas.Causes Of Early MarriageMany reasons are given by parents and guardians to justify child marriage. Economic reasons often underpin these decisions which are directly linked to poverty and the lack of economic opportunities for girls in rural areas. Girls are either seen as an economic burden or encouraged as capital for their exchange value in terms of goods, money or livestock. A combination of cultural, traditional and religious arguments also justifies child marriage. The fear and stigma attached to premarital sex and bearing children extraneous marriage, and the associated family honor, are often seen as valid reasons for the actions that families take. Finally, many parents tend to curtail the education of their girls and marry them off, due to fear of exposure to sexual violence and abuse encountered.Early marriage as a scheme for economic reasonsPoverty is one of the major factors u nderpinning early marriage. In many of the cases, the families are in poverty and one less female child is one less mouth to feed. Poor families may regard young girls as an economic burden and the practice of early marriage, as an act of unburdening and a coping strategy. When poverty is acute, a young girls presence in the house is felt as unbearable and her marriage to a lots former(a) or even elderly man who can pay a very high price may be seen in her interest. Child marriage is valued as an economic coping strategy which reduces the costs of raising daughters. In this sense, poverty becomes a primary reason for child marriage because of perceived benefits to the family and the daughter.Ethnicity/culture has emerged as the most complex reason for girls early marriages. In fact at some come to the fores like the Terai region in Nepal, where the cultural norms and practices are highly influenced by the culture of north India, it has emerged even fonder than the socio-econ omic factors.16 It has been observed that ethnicity affects not only the age of marriage but the timing of family formation and creation into conveyhood. Marriage arrangements and requirements, such as dowry payments in parts of South Asia where parents of the young woman are obliged to give gifts to the spouse and his family, perpetuate child marriages. This is because the dowry requirement often increases with the age and the education level of the girl. Additionally, poor families tend to marry off girls at the same time to help reduce the burden of high marriage ceremony expenses17.However, child brides are often more likely to possess domestic violence and least likely to take action against this abuse. The majority of affected girls become condemned to a life of financial and social insecurity. This is a real paradox for many parents, given that they marry off their daughters at a young age in the belief that this will enhance the girls and the familys security. Poverty u ltimately fuels child marriage, which in turn perpetuates the feminization of poverty.In many closures that practice child marriage in Tamil Nadu State in India for example, girls are married off before they attain puberty because of the social stigma the community attaches to marriage after puberty. Many such marriages end in divorce. In case there is a large ages difference, the girls become widows at a young age. Custom forbids divorced or widowed women to remarry, further impoverishing them. Entrenched community norms and myths clear help to perpetuate the practice of child marriage and cerebrate poverty.Son preference is very powerful in many communities in South Asia, which may not be unrelated to the expenses involved when marrying off a daughter. The rising costs of marriage ceremonies force many families to marry their daughters at the same time to reduce costs. Boys forced into marriage early may also suffer financially. Economic responsibilities can place heavy burden s on them and curtail their education sooner than they might want. However, while boys can leave their wives at their parents homes and seek employment opportunities elsewhere, this option is not available to the majority of young wives18.Marriage alliances and traditionsOften marriage arrangements are made between families for dynastic, business, property or conflict resolutions. In Pakistan, India and Nepal, children may be betroth or even married while toddlers or well below the age of 10. This custom is a means of consolidating powerful relations between families, making deals over land or other property, or settling disputes in the way routinely conducted between royal houses and aristocratic families throughout history. It may be a way of maintaining or fostering business ties with them. It may also be arranged as apart of the deal to settle a feud between two families.19Early marriage as a way to ensure the protection of girlsEarly marriage is also one way to ensure that a w ife is protected or placed firmly under male control that she is pliant to her husband and works hard for her in-laws household that the children she bears are legitimate and that bonds of affection between couples do not undermine the family unit.20 It has been observed that in child marriages there is invariably a large gap between married women and their husbandsbetween 7-9 years.21 The customary age difference helps to preserve the traditional cultural pattern of an older husband dominating a much younger wife.Social pressure appears to play a significant role in the girl getting married early. If girls remain unmarried by 15, neighbors, villagers and relatives begin to doubtfulness her chastity and health. Parents are under huge pressure not to give a chance to the connection to pass any aspersion on their girls.Early marriage is often a way of ensuring that the daughter is not at risk of losing her virginity in an irregular sexual encounter.22 For many communities, the loss of virginity in girls before marriage is the worst shame that can be brought upon a family. The desire to protect a girls virginity drives many parents to force their daughters into marriage at an extremely young age. For this reason and to control girls sexuality, girls are married to prevent pre-marital sex or pregnancy. Once it is known in the village that a girl had pre-marital sexual relationship, it could be quite difficult to find a suitable boy who will be willing to marry her. Therefore parents willingly/unwillingly arrange early marriages to vitiate such unpleasant situations.In rural communities, fetching water and firewood are usually chores undertaken by young girls. There is frequently a serious fear of their being raped.23 The rape will be waste with enormous implications for the girl. In many communities the rape is not considered to be a crime against a girl but against her father, husband, or brothers.Situations of insecurity and acute poverty, particularly duri ng disasters such as war, famine or the human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS epidemic, can prompt parents to resort to child marriage as a protective tool or survival strategy. Among some populations which have been disrupted by war (Afghanistan), marrying a young daughter to a warlord or someone who can look after her may be a strategy for physical security or family support. In the worst cases, girls are abducted or kidnapped by armed militia or rebels and forced into temporary marriages which amount to a combination of child prostitution and pure slavery. Displaced populations living in refugee camps may feel unable to protect their daughters from rape, and so marriage to a warlord or other authority figure may provide improved protection.24Consequences Of Early MarriageThe consequences of child marriage are often far wider than just their impact on the individual children affected. The marriage of children has negative effects on families and communities. The practice thrives on poverty and impacts adversely on a countrys health and education sector.Young girls are forced to marry men they have never met before and who may be many years older than they are. Once married, they are responsible for looking after their husbands, the house, and the children they give birth to while still children themselves. This is one of the reasons that offspring born too early in their mothers lives are at increased risk of illness and death. These girls often have little knowledge about the responsibilities of being a wife and no information about sex and childbirth.25 Early forced sex as a violation of rights where a girl is married has not been recognized as a form of sexual abuse except where warlords or traffickers have recruited girls as sexual slaves.26Early marriage is associated with a number of poor social and physical outcomes for young women and their offspring.27 They attain lower schooling, lower social status in their husbands families, have less reproduct ive control, and suffer higher evaluate of maternal mortality and domestic violence. They are often forced out of school without an education, their health is affected because their bodies are too immature to give birth.Child marriage impedes the Millennium Development remnants (agreed by governments and the international community in September 2000). terminal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. terminal 2 Achieve universal primary education. Goal 3 Promote gender equality and empower women. Goal 4 Reduce child mortality. Goal 5 Improve maternal health. Goal 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. Health and related outcomesThe younger the boy or the girl is at the time of marriage, the worse is the abuse of child and human rights, both on grounds of lack of consent and on grounds of forced early sex. However, the implications for the females are much more severe. The younger the girl at the time of her first sexual relations with early sex much more frequen t and less likely to be consensual deep down marriage than removed marriage the greater the chance of severe fuss, physical damage, and of birthing complications and injury.Pregnancy and childbirthIt is common sense to assume that girls who marry before 18 will usually have more children. Early child-bearing has long been seen as a risk to maternity, contributing significantly to large families. Since girls who are married young have a large number of child bearing years, they are more prone to miscarriage, sister death, malnutrition, cervical cancer, sterility, and maternal death. Even when girls are closer to the age of 18 but not barely that age, the risk remains. Girls between age 15 and 19 are twice as likely to die of pregnancy-related reasons as women between age 20 and 24. Child marriage is the leading cause of young women between the ages of 15 and 24 dying during pregnancy.Figure 4Percentage of women age 15- 19 who have begun vaginal birthSelected countries in South Asia, 2004-2006picNot only the mothers but offspring born too early in their mothers lives are at increased risk of illness and death. The babies of child brides are sicker, weaker and many do not survive childhood. Evidence shows that infant mortality among children of very young mothers is almost two times higher than among those of older peers. The health problems linked to early marriage not only affect the pregnant mother but also continue after child birth. Complications are more likely during pregnancy and birth purely because of the mothers young age.A large proportion of reproductive and sexual health concerns of adolescent girls and women root from early marriage and early pregnancy. In the context of reproductive health girl spouses face well-acknowledged risks. These include the problem of giving birth when the pelvis and birth canal are still under-developed which leads to an increased risk of complications during oral communication including protracted labor.28 Mother s aged less than 15 are especially undefended to fistulae relentless pressure from babys skull can damage the birth canal causing breakages in the wall. A girl or a woman with this condition irreversible without surgery is not only in constant pain but will be socially ostracized and may well be divorced because of this.29The perils of child marriage are not limited to only health complications during pregnancy and delivery period but in many cases during post-natal period as well. Because of the prolapsed uterus, they suffer from backaches, experience difficulties while walking, work and sitting for a long time. At times they had to give birth even after prolapsed uterus and this made the situation worse for them. 30Child brides cannot negotiate the terms of sex with husbands who are usually older and have had previous sexual partners.31 They cannot insist on fidelity or condom use.32 Research in India (Calcutta) revealed that almost half of the women patients in the hospital interviewed had been married at or below the age of 15 with the youngest being married at 7 years. This age group has one of the highest rates of vulnerability to sexual violence in marriage, second only to those whose dowry had not been paid. The women had forced sexual intercourse before menstruation had started. The sex was early and painful and many still continued to be forced into sexual activity by their husbands. Although young girls had made their husbands aware of their unwillingness to have sex or of pain during sex, in 80% of these cases, the rapes continued.33Increased risks of contracting sexually transmitted diseases and HIVEarly marriage threatens girls health and the health of their children and thwarts efforts to combat HIV/AIDS. Of substantial consequences, yet largely ignored, is the fact that the majority of the sexually active girls aged 15-19 in South Asia are married and these adolescent girls tend to have higher rates of HIV infection than their sexually act ive unmarried peers. Early sexual activity within marriage is even more likely to expose young people to sexually transmitted infections than sex outside marriage.34Crossing the threshold into marriage greatly intensifies sexual exposure via exposed sex, often with an older partner, who by virtue of his age has an elevated risk of being HIV positive. This dramatic rise in the frequency of unprotected sex is driven by not only the implication of infidelity or apprehension associated with certain forms of contraception such as condoms, but often also by a strong desire to become pregnant. Demographic and health survey data reveals that on an average 80% of unprotected sex encounters among adolescent girls occurred within marriage. Not only are married adolescents girls often isolated within their new households and from external public and private support but their needs have not been prioritized or sometimes even considered in current reproductive health initiatives. Moreover many o f the most common HIV/AIDS policies and messages are not appropriate for them.35Denial of educationIt is believed that investment in a girls education is wasted when she simply going to be married and work in another household.36 Girls reported that even if married girls are allowed to pursue their education, they cannot continue for too long because of the wide-ranging burdens imposed on her by early childbearing and the chores in the house. An important reason why girls in South Asia do not go to school or are withdrawn at puberty is for the assumption of domestic duties and confinement at home as prelude to marriage. Lack of exposure outside the immediate home environment means lower self-esteem, less sense of identity as an main(a) person with an independent mind, reduced socialization with peers and non-family adults, and considerably less knowledge of what early marriage entails.37There is a clear connection between early marriage and low educational attainment. Early marriag e puts the young girl at a disadvantage by the loss of educational opportunity. Often girls are not allowed to go to school which diminishes her opportunity to acquire critical life skills. Children benefit as much as their families, since a school-going child has been observed to be an agent of change in rural societies.38 A girl who is educated will most likely educate her daughter and thus establishes an inter-generational trend of educating girls. Besides, the correlation between the number of years of a girls schooling and the postponement of marriage is shown to be firmly established by demographic and fertility studies36. A one year postponement of marriage increases schooling by 0.32 years and literacy by 5-10%.39